Machine Learning-Based Measurement and Prediction of Ground Settlement Induced by Shield Tunneling Undercrossing Existing Tunnels in Composite Strata
To address the issue of insufficient accuracy in traditional settlement prediction methods for shield tunneling undercrossing in composite strata in Hangzhou, this paper proposes a Windows particle swarm optimization (PSO)-based Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory neural network (Bi-LSTM) prediction model for high-precision dynamic prediction of g